On 5 October Wilhelm I and Bismarck entered the city and prepared the proclamation of the German Empire in the Palace. In 1853, St. Petersburg demanded that the Ottoman Empire recognize Russia's right to protect Eastern Orthodox believers in Turkey. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. The bureaucracy was modeled after that of the French revolutionary and Napoleonic eras. The last papal state—the Vatican City—was formally established as a separate state by the Lateran Treaty of 1929. Lived in pompous dream world surrounded by imperial court, high churchmen, and army leaders. Disliked change, liberalism and progressivism. Start studying France's Second Empire and Third Republic. Architect of Italian unification in 1858; formed an alliance with France to attack Austrian control of northern Italy; resulted in creation of constitutional monarchy under Piedmontese king, A war fought in the middle of the nineteenth century between Russia on one side and Turkey, Britain, and France on the other. Provinces that were inhabited primarily by Germans, but ruled by the king of Denmark; they revolted at the prospect of being integrated into the German state by Frederick VII. France defeated. The British Empire increased the wealth and prestige of Britain from 1600. They were originally given to the papacy by Pepin the Short and reached their greatest extent in 1859. He is the author of Race and War in France: Colonial Subjects in the French Army, 1914-1918, and co-editor of Empires in World War I: Shifting Frontiers and Imperial Dynamics in a Global Conflict. Prussian king who became emperor of Germany after the Franco-Prussian War. I was led on from the Revolution and Napoleon to Louis Napoleon and the Second Empire because it seemed to me that the Restoration monarchies of 1815-48, however different in temper, formed together an interlude in post-revolutionary French history; whereas the Second Empire was the direct sequel of the First Empire, and the natural transition from the First to the Third Republic. "realistic politics," practical politics, ends justified the means, power more important than principles. A German customs union founded to increase trade and stimulate revenues of its members, A sudden overthrow of the government by a small group, a final blow or shot given to kill a wounded person or animal. A group of territories in central Italy ruled by the popes from 754 until 1870. See more. The French Second Republic was the republican government of France between the 1848 Revolution and the 1851 coup by Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte that initiated the Second Empire. a warm water port, but the Turkish did not want Russia to go through the Dardanelles to get to it. Get all of Hollywood.com's best Movies lists, news, and more. Napoleon Bonaparte was crowned Emperor of France in 1804, 11 years after King Louis XVI was publicly beheaded by his subjects. The first land threat to the young United States was in essence the second phase of the Revolutionary War — a rematch between the British Empire and the young United States in the War of 1812. Including France, this totaled 130 departments in 1811 – the peak of the empire – with forty-four million people. French Republic started after the end of the Franco-Prussian War, which led to the demise of Napolean III, and survived until the invasion of the German third Reich. Though he was poorly educated, he appointed Count Camillo di Cavour as prime minister. It was the longest regime from after the French Revolution. When Turkey refused, Russia sent troops into Ottoman territory. France - France - The Second Republic and Second Empire: The overthrow of the constitutional monarchy in February 1848 still seems, in retrospect, a puzzling event. RUssia was defeated and the independence of Turkey was guaranteed. His Luncheon on the Grass, showing two clothes men and a naked woman picnicking, shocked the public of his day. He was elected King of Germany at Frankfurt on 4 March 1152 and crowned in Aachen on 9 March 1152. Deaths Estimate: 40,000,000 ___ 72,000,000Location: WorldwideYear: 1939 to 1945World War II, or the Second World War was a global war that was underway by 1939 and ended in 1945. It might be outdated or ideologically biased. Steven: The other thing to keep in mind is this is 1847, one year before France will change forever. Seated Germany's lower house of Parlimrent, it burned in 1933 and Hitler blamed it on the communist, this event led to Hitler becoming the absolute dictator in Germany. January 24, 1789 – the beginning of the election to the French Estates General or States-General (Les États-Généraux de 1789). In 1864 , a law according the right to strike was passed, with the condition that workers were free to decide themselves whether they participated or not. Algeria was considered by France to be an extension of its national territory and only obtained its independence after a long, drawn-out conflict which lasted 8 years. 1867 Parliament passed this which established Canadian nation-the Dominion of Canada-with its own constitution. Discarded under the Second Empire, this motto finally established itself under the Third Republic, although some people still objected to it, including partisans of the Republic: solidarity was sometimes preferred to equality which implies a levelling of society, and the Christian connotation of fraternity was not accepted by everyone. Louis Napoleon Bonaparte’s victory in the December 1848 elections against General Cavaignac of June Days fame was probably due to the Napoleonic legend; another explanation stressed the fears of middle-class and peasant property owners in the face of the socialist challenge of urban workers (classes wanted protection) Bismarck had no intention of leaving it at that. the equivalent of ) Germanization. The revolution has been called a result without a cause; more properly, it might be called a result out of proportion to its cause. Hapsburg emperor of Austria 1848-1916. The Second Empire Art In France Under Napoleon Iii If you ally infatuation such a referred the second empire art in france under napoleon iii books that will present you worth, get the entirely best seller from us currently from several preferred authors. 1808-1889) First and only president of the Confederate States of America after the election of President Abraham Lincoln in 1860 led to the secession of many southern states. Pays Conquis: a set of conquered, although supposedly independent, countries which were ruled by people approved by Napoleon (largely his relatives or military commanders), designed to buffer France from attack. Austrian archduke proclaimed emperor of Mexico as a result of French intervention in 1862; after the French withdrawal he was executed in 1867. This was Italy's most prosperous region, boasting a significant concentration of industrial production, fine sources of water power, and accessible markets. On September 4 there was an insurrection in Paris and the Third Republic was proclaimed. compromise worked out by Ferenc Deak, moderate Hungarian; Hungary and Austria seperate states with own constitution shared ministeries of finance, defense, foreign affairs but seperate in all other things. embodies French nationalism; hates socialists, unions, Church; sought accommodation with Germany; launches campaign against militarism-- some want to increase term of service from two to three years; reforms stopped by Second Moroccan Crisis, which increased nationalism again, a/f Franco-Prussian war, gov't removes cannons; socialists see this as gov't removing their weapons; Commune gains power as alternative to central gov't, near end of Paris Siege, Versailles forces lead Commune supporters to back of this cemetery and execute them-- Thiers wanted to teach them a lesson; NOW: site of memory and symbol of too much gov't power-- crucial in historical development, Historians' interpretation of Paris Commune, they weren't really socialists (didn't take over Bank of France; only marginal reforms)-- just a patriotic reactions to outsell the Germans; what was scary was specter of the red flag; NG: importance was that it showed futility of 19th century model of revolution-- barricades and ideological protests, 2/3rd are monarchists (1/2 legitimists, 1/2 Orleanists) with 1/3 republicans, support Count of Chambord; defined by fidelity and belief; French ID is Church, aristocracy, and monarchy; revolutions show stability is needed-- moral order with people resp for one another, symbols for 'timeless truths' of Church, aristocracy, monarchy; without flag, Chambord is old man with lame leg, follow LP's line to throne and support pretender; sees monarchy as useful, but just a regime-- major diff fr Legitimists; GOAL: parliamentary rule with smaller electorate (similar to July Monarchy), built w/ public subscription by monarchists to remind Parisians of their sins (liberty, equality, fraternity), passes by one vote b/c Orleanists vote with moderate Repubs-- see President only as temporary regime (a/f childless Chambord dies, throne goes to Orleans); President will be elected via Senate and Chamber of Deputies, limited role due to fear of a Napoleon-like figure rising up; essentially chairman of the board to the Chamber of Deputies, led by Gambetta and republicans in the Chamber; bishops are seen as overreaching their role as clergy and subverting France's core values of hard work, thrift, work well done; political newspapers furthered nationalist fervor against Church; brings together diff people to form alliance against Church, Transformation of lower classes into Frechmen, new education teaches values of hard work, individualism and creates new middle class elite; create Bastille Day to rival Church in ceremony; use Marianne as symbol of French gov't taking care of needs (edifices, water supply, roads) and create loyalty to republic; BUT: workers don't share same values, turn towards unions that want revolution, maintains vague political platform; goes to peasants, middle class, working class areas to get support, get elected, and then resign; draws on nationalist, anti-Semite anger, nationalism shifts left to right with more anti-Semitism; he aligns elements of left and right against the center (portend of the 20th century); gov't pursues softer policy with the Church until Dreyfus Affair. The Second Republic witnessed the tension between the “Social and Democratic Republic” and a liberal form of Republic, which exploded … (1849-1878) He was the king of Piedmont-Sardinia and wanted to unify Italy by gradually extending his control over the peninsula. France, Britain and the United States led by John J. Pershing and James Harbord are victorious over the German Empire and Crown Prince Wilhelm. The Second Republic and Louis Napoleon. another name for the German Empire, united by Bismarck in 1871. It was the most widespread war in history, with more than 100 million military personnel mobilized. Frederick Barbarossa (German: Friedrich I., Italian: Federico I; 1122 – 10 June 1190), also known as Frederick I, was the Holy Roman Emperor from 1155 until his death 35 years later. This was distasteful to the Magyars of Hungary since it was tantamount (i.e. Beth: It's one year before the revolution of 1848 that topples the monarchy and brings in a brief period of France's democracy, the period we call the 2nd republic. In its early years (1852–59), the empire was authoritarian but enjoyed economic growth and pursued a favourable foreign policy. In the decade after the second world war, as Britain struggled to square its diminishing empire with belt-tightening measures at home, it found time … The Second French Empire (French: Second Empire), officially the French Empire (French: Empire français), was the Imperial Bonapartist regime of Napoleon III from 1852 to 1870, between the Second Republic and the Third Republic, in France.. When the colonies became a drain on British resources, Britain grew weary of the struggle to maintain empire and withdrew. Fearing increased Russian power and an upset to the balance of power on the Continent, Great Britain and France declared war on Russia on March 28, 1854. (E. from 1815-1871) souther Italian who was nationalistic and charismatic- created Red Shirt army to rebel and unify Italy under himself, Italian patriot whose conquest of Sicily and Naples led to the formation of the Italian state (1807-1882), Italian patriot whose conquest of Sicily and Naples led to the formation of the Italian state (1807-1882), This was the royal dynasty of Austria that ruled over a vast part of Central Europe while battling with the Turks over Hungary, This was the royal dynasty of Austria that ruled over a vast part of Central Europe while battling with the Turks over Hungary, This was the man who planned the reconstruction of Paris, Prussian, conservative, land-owning class, Muslims who attacked Europe and converted to Christianity and established Hungary. The Bourbon family’s rule of France wou… It officially adopted the motto Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité. The proximate cause of the demise of the Second Empire was France's defeat at the hands of Prussia in the Franco-Prussian War. Historians in the 1930s and 1940s often disparaged the Second Empire as a precursor of fascism. On 2 September the French forces in Sedan surrendered, and Prussia invaded France. Second republic definition, the republic established in France in 1848 and replaced by the Second Empire in 1852. Nickname given to the Ottoman Empire because of the frequent ethnic revolts and the rest of Europe picking away at it. After Bonaparte’s abdication and exile in 1815, the monarchy was reestablished under the rule of Louis XVIII, nephew of Louis VXI, until his death in 1824. A direct vote in which a country's people have the opportunity to approve or reject a proposal. Founding of the Second Republic. A palace built by Louis XIV outside of Paris; it was home to Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette. Military disaster thus forced him and his ministers along the path of rapid social change and general modernization. He was crowned King of Italy on 24 April 1155 in Pavia and emperor by Pope Adrian IV on 18 June 1155 in Rome. Ruled by Francis Joseph, Bismarck intercepts letter between France and Prussia, changes it to make things appear as if Wilhelm had insulted the French ambassador, and sent it to France to initiate a war. He becomes ruler of a constitutional monarchy after Garibaldi and Cavour help to unite the north and south. The point on the Crimean Peninsula where France and Britain attacked the Russians. France declared war against Prussia on 19 July 1870. A nineteenth-century French painter, one of the originators of Impressionism. 5 of the worst atrocities carried out by the British Empire. This new tsar (r. 1855-1881), told the serf owners that it would be better if reform of serfdom came from above. Bonaparte, who led a string of military victories for the French Army during the First Republic, became the head of the French government as consul for life in 1802, and then emperor two years later. The king from 1949-1878 was Victor Emmanuel II. The following article is from The Great Soviet Encyclopedia (1979). Napoleon III in France. After Prussia occupied Paris, Napoleon III fled, and Prussia set up an unstable republican government based on universal manhood suffrage and multiparty parliamentarianism. Settled by the CONVENTION OF GASTEIN. Louis Napoleon Bonaparte completes coup in later 1851, proclaims self as Emperor Napoleon III; has support of many upper class and peasants who want order in France; legitimists supported him because he made peace with the church, wealthy businessmen and industrialists seen as equivalent of imperial aristocracy-- money as measure of value; Napoleon III promoted urban rebuilding, credit institutions, and more railways; major exporter of foreign credit, signs liberal trade treaty with GB in 1860 to lower tariffs; legalizes strikes in 1864; NapIII encouraged mortgage banks, which aided agri development; Bank of France provides aid to complete major part of French railways to stimulate country's commercial and manufacturing growth, only emperor can propose legislation; press is censored and only approved candidates can run; Bonapartist party is from remnants of Orleanism and dispenses patronage to get support through local officials; centralizations of economic and political power in France, poor foreign policy; his support Maximilian in Mexico ended in execution- major blow to international prestige; he also believed Austria would win war against Prussia and negotiated away Belgium and Luxembourg; his liberal reforms led discontent to spread, in 1868, he allows freedom of assembly, which mobilizes opposition in monarchists, republicans, socialists; in 1870, he orders plebiscite to see if people like his policies, they respond yes, but it's craftily worded to ensure success, Queen Isabelle abdicates Spanish throne in 1868; Leopold is offered, but he's from Prussian Hohenzollern dynasty; NapIII is scared of Prussia on two fronts and demands candidacy be withdrawn; French envoy sent to talk with King William I-- Bismarck doctors telegram of transcript to make French appear tactless, Prussian public react with anger; NapIII declares war without allies (Italy and Austria won't comply), Prussian troops surround city; zoo animals and pets are eaten; red posters are placed on walls of capital calling for establishment of Paris Commune, formed after NapIII's capture at Sedan; proclaim republic and later negotiate terms with Bismarck after proclamation of German Empire at Versailles, elected chief executive of the provisional government by the monarchist-dominated National Assembly; wants Bismarck's help in creating a very conservative republic; resigns fr monarchist pressure in 1873, gives Alsace and part of Lorraine to German Empire, in March of 1871, Thiers sends army to retrieve cannon belonging to Nat'l Guard; women alert neighborhood, they execute two generals; troops then surround city and blast through barricades, neighborhood by neighborhood; executions are held throughout Paris and communists burn public buildings and homes of the wealthy; 15000-25000 Parisians are executed or dispatched during military trials, made of Jacobins, socialists, anti-clerical republicans; organized Paris' defense and enacted social reforms; thinks Paris should govern self and appeals to other 'sisters of liberty', ended night baking, created Labor Exchange, recognized women's unions, revamped workshops; negotiates with Bank of France-- doesn't try to take it overf, glimpse of the future prole revolution; Commune was a socialist, proletariat dictatorship; the bourgeois' repression shows how they will react in future, radical republican; close assc of monarchists with the Church leads many to see 'clericalism, there is the enemy'; uses republican institutions to appeal to the little man (peasants, local elites, lower middle class) and get them elected to form foundation of republicanism-- elections show emergence of new political class, succeeds Thiers; new gov't of moral order tied to Church; attempts to first appease republicans (majority in Chamber) with republican premier; MacMahon fires him (Crisis of May 16) and dissolves Chamber for new elections; more republicans- a new republican premier, and MacMahon's resignation in 1879, dominates French Third Republic's political life; able to dismiss government cabinets that have lose confidence of Chamber's members; executive kept weak for fear of Napoleonic figure-- Pres was chairman of the board to the Chamber, accept very conservative republic, though prefer something to center; against Church on right, anticlerical left; gets support of peasants with high agricultural Meline Tariff in 1892, freedom of the press, assembly; right for municipal councils to elect a mayor (NOT Paris- fear of becoming too powerful a position); increase education and public edifices, education minister; made primary education free and obligatory-- state allocated money to build village schools with GOAL of producing republican Frenchmen; creates normal schools to create republican teachers, potent political ideology; result of loss in Franco-Prussian war; increasing anti-Semitic after financial troubles are blamed on them (stemmed from their prominence in banking and the stock market); with Boulanger increasing anti-Semite anger, nationalism moves from left to right-- now it's a goal to get revenge, minister of war; anger by loss of Alsace-Lorraine; conservatives see hero to overthrow republic; first mass political campaign in France, drawing on nationalist anti-Semitism-- convinced Parisian shopkeepers that Jews are to blame for troubles, Legion of Honor revealed to be sold to highest bidder; French company bribes government to fund Panama Canal project-- difficult b/c of terrain, malarial condition-- and goes bankrupt; support of Church of moderate republicans against socialists; FINAL STRAW- Dreyfus Affair, government sets up inquiry to convict Boulanger; he is told by supporters to go to Chamber, declare a dictatorship, but he refuses; officials convince him they have evidence of treason; he goes to Belgium, shoots self on mistress' grave, publishes La Libre Parole-- publicized Canal scandal; increases nationalist anti-Semitism; forms League of Patriots in 1892-- nationalist and anti-Semitic, Alfred Dreyfus- army captain, Jewish immigrant from Alsace a/f German takeover; handwriting on documents given to Germans about French military operations resembles Dreyfus'; court-martial finds him guilty, Major Walsin Esterhazy is found to be guilty; Dreyfus remains fall-man-- better to have an innocent Jew exiled to South Africa than compromise army's image, political right and Church increase anti-Semitism; socialists rally behind Dreyfus; Pres grants pardon in 1899-- his return boosts Radical Party with alliance btwn anticlerical moderate republicans and socialists-- moves republic to the left, separates church and state; new legislation (1902) exiles religious orders from France; state takes possession of Church property and pays priests' salaries. Settlement gave Schleswig to Prussia and Holstein to Austria. Second Front in World War II (1939-45), a battlefront against fascist Germany, which was opened by the USA and Great Britain on June 6, 1944, with the incursion of their troops into northwestern France. the Imperial Bonapartist regime of Napoleon III from 1852 to 1870, between the Second Republic and the Third Republic, in France. French North Africa covered three territories: the Protectorates of Morocco in the west and Tunisia in the East, with Algeria in the centre. 1918 - Battle of Chateau-Thierry - July 18th The combined French and American force (largely American) succeeds in taking the Germans by surprise. second french empire the Imperial Bonapartist regime of Napoleon III from 1852 to 1870, between the Second Republic and the Third Republic, in France. 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