He served as supervisor of the surgical laboratories at Johns Hopkins for 35 years. [3] Without any education past high school, Thomas rose above poverty and racism to become a cardiac surgery pioneer and a teacher of operative techniques to many of the country's most prominent surgeons. Thomas has taught several surgeons around the world. Vivien T. Thomas was born in New Iberia, Louisiana. By 1940, the work Blalock had done with Thomas placed Blalock at the forefront of American surgery, and when he was offered the position of Chief of Surgery at his alma mater Johns Hopkins in 1941,[19] he requested that Thomas accompany him. When Thomas walked the halls in his white lab coat, many heads turned. After receiving an honorary doctorate, Thomas was appointed to the medical school faculty. Blalock and Thomas realized immediately that the answer lay in a procedure they had perfected for a different purpose in their Vanderbilt work, involving the anastomosis (joining) of the subclavian artery to the pulmonary artery, which had the effect of increasing blood flow to the lungs. [30] During the surgery itself, at Blalock's request, Thomas stood on a step stool at Blalock's shoulder and coached him step by step through the procedure. Mrs. Thomas stated that in 1947, Thomas had investigated the possibility of enrolling in college and pursuing his dream of becoming a doctor, but had been deterred by the inflexibility of Morgan State University, which refused to grant him credit for life experience and insisted that he fulfill the standard freshman requirements. [32] The three cases formed the basis for the article that was published in the May 1945 issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association, giving credit to Blalock and Taussig for the procedure. Vivien knew that the all-white school would never admit him as a student, but he hoped working there meant [30] Newsreels touted the event, greatly enhancing the status of Johns Hopkins and solidifying the reputation of Blalock, who had been regarded as a maverick up until that point by some in the Hopkins old guard. [32] Next, they operated upon a six-year-old boy, who dramatically regained his color at the end of the surgery. How does Amazon calculate star ratings? Blalock’s team included his assistant Vivien T. Thomas, who was essential to the development of the BT shunt, as well as to much of Blalock’s other groundbreaking work. His lack of … [12] At the end of Thomas's first day, Blalock told Thomas they would do another experiment the next morning. All reviewers. In July 2005, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine began the practice of splitting incoming first-year students into four colleges, each named for famous Hopkins faculty members who had major impacts on the history of medicine. After having worked there for 37 years, Thomas was also finally appointed to the faculty of the School of Medicine as Instructor of Surgery. In nearly two years of laboratory work involving 200 dogs, Thomas was able to replicate two of the four cardiac anomalies involved in tetralogy of Fallot. November 1985) war ein US-amerikanischer Operationstechnischer Assistent und angelernter Chirurg, der in den 1940er Jahren wesentlich an der Entwicklung einer Behandlungsmethode des Blue-Baby-Syndroms beteiligt war. Patents by Inventor Vivien Mak Vivien Mak has filed for patents to protect the following inventions. [47], Vanderbilt University Medical Center created the Vivien A. Thomas Award for Excellence in Clinical Research – recognizing excellence in conducting clinical research. [31] Thomas performed the operation hundreds of times on a dog, whereas Blalock only once as Thomas' assistant. Realizing that he would be 50 years old by the time he completed college and medical school, Thomas decided to give up the idea of further education. He was the assistant to surgeon Alfred Blalock in Blalock's experimental animal laboratory at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee, and later at the Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland. We can now plug peripherals such a disk drives, speakers, and scanners because of his innovation. Vivien Thomas's greatest dream was to attend college to study medicine. Surgeons like Cooley, along with Alex Haller,[36] Frank Spencer,[37] Rowena Spencer,[38] and others credited Thomas with teaching them the surgical technique that placed them at the forefront of medicine in the United States. Vivien Thomas graduated with honors from Pearl High School, but was unable to complete his medical education after his savings were lost in the Great Depression. [13] Thomas was classified and paid as a janitor,[14] despite the fact that by the mid-1930s, he was doing the work of a postdoctoral researcher in the lab. *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. Alfred Blalock (1899-1964), a cardiologist (therefore, self-confident to the point of arrogance), leaves Vanderbilt for Johns Hopkins taking with him his lab technician, Vivien Thomas (1910-1985). Great Inventor Biographies) was one of popular books. Humble Beginnings. Within a few weeks, Thomas was starting surgery on his own. Vivien Thomas (I Like Inventors!) This listing includes patent applications that are pending as well as patents that have already been granted by the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO). Life path number 3 ... February 25, 1644 – Thomas Newcomen, English inventor, ironmonger and Baptist lay preacher (d. 1729). [31] The surgery was not completely successful, though it did prolong the infant's life for several months. Vivien Thomas developed the procedures used to treat blue baby syndrome in the 1940s. Heart Man: Vivien Thomas, African-American Heart Surgery Pioneer (Genius at Work! [45] McCabe's article, brought to Hollywood by Washington, D.C. dentist Irving Sorkin,[46] formed the basis for the Emmy and Peabody Award-winning 2004 HBO film Something the Lord Made. Vivien Theodore Thomas (August 29, 1910[1] – November 26, 1985)[2] was an American laboratory supervisor who developed a procedure used to treat blue baby syndrome (now known as cyanotic heart disease) in the 1940s. [8] He worked at Vanderbilt University in the summer of 1929 doing carpentry[9] but was laid off in the fall. On the other hand, there were limits to his tolerance, especially when it came to issues of pay, academic acknowledgment, and his social interaction outside of work. [3] Because of certain restrictions, he received an Honorary Doctor of Laws, rather than a medical doctorate, but it did allow the staff and students of Johns Hopkins Hospital and Johns Hopkins School of Medicine to call him doctor. That man was Vivien Thomas, an aspiring physician. August 1910 in New Iberia, Louisiana; 26. Instagram, Twitter, Facebook, Images, Youtube and more on IDCrawl - the leading free people search engine. [17] In hundreds of experiments, the two disproved traditional theories which held that shock was caused by toxins in the blood. Eaton trained in orthopedics and is now the team doctor for the Tampa Bay Rays. Then he heard about a job opening at the Vanderbilt University medical school under the supervision of Dr. Alfred Blalock. Showing 1-4 of 4 reviews. Vivien Thomas was a famous African American surgeon, who was born on August 29, 1910. Blalock's approach to the issue of Thomas's race was complicated and contradictory throughout their 34-year partnership. In 1968, the surgeons Thomas trained — who had then become chiefs of surgical departments throughout America — commissioned the painting of his portrait (by Bob Gee, oil on canvas, 1969, The Johns Hopkins Alan Mason Chesney Medical Archives)[43] and arranged to have it hung next to Blalock's in the lobby of the Alfred Blalock Clinical Sciences Building. [29] The blue baby syndrome had made her lips and fingers turn blue, with the rest of her skin having a very faint blue tinge. Thomas collaborated with Blalock and Dr. Helen Taussig to create a technique that delivered more oxygen to the blood and relieved constriction caused by a heart defect. Thomas also performed many pre- and post-operation procedures and advised during surgeries. He … [27] Blalock was impressed with Thomas's work; when he inspected the procedure performed on Anna, he reportedly said, "This looks like something the Lord made. One invention, a spring device, illustrated that shock was linked to a loss of fluid and blood volume. He began changing into his city clothes when he walked from the laboratory to Blalock's office because he received so much attention. Despite the deep respect Thomas was accorded by these surgeons and by the many black lab assistants he trained at Hopkins, he was not well paid. Following his retirement in 1979, Thomas began work on an autobiography. Tension with Blalock continued to build when he failed to recognize the contributions that Thomas had made in the world-famous blue baby procedure, which led to a rift in their relationship. On the one hand, he defended his choice of Thomas to his superiors at Vanderbilt and to Hopkins colleagues, and he insisted that Thomas accompany him in the operating room during the first series of tetralogy operations. Great Inventor Biographies) [Wyckoff, Edwin Brit] on Amazon.com. Physician, Inventor. Eventually, after negotiations on his behalf by Blalock, he became the highest paid assistant at Johns Hopkins by 1946, and by far the highest paid African-American on the institution's rolls. Vivien Thomas – Grandson of a Slave is Finally Called Doctor. In 1941, Thomas moved with Blalock to The Johns Hopkins University. In the 2004 HBO movie, Something the Lord Made, Vivien Thomas was portrayed by Mos Def. Vivien Theodore Thomas (* 29. Search. Vivien Thomasgraduated with honors from Pearl High School, but was unable to complete his medical education after his savings were lost in the Great Depression. Vivien underpaid a second job as a waiter and often served his own students at receptions hosted by Dr. Blalock were organized. Life path number 6 March 3, 1652 – Thomas Otway, English playwright and author (d. 1685). Top rated. Later, as supervisor of The Johns Hopkins Surgical Research Laboratories, he taught a generation of surgeons and laboratory technicians. Vivien Theodore Thomas was the grandson of a slave and developed the desire to become a medical doctor at an early age. A new era in heart surgery began at The Johns Hopkins Hospital in 1944, when Alfred Blalock, Vivien Thomas, and Helen Taussig debuted a daring procedure that would eventually save thousands of deathly-ill children. [23] Having treated many such patients in her work in Hopkins's Harriet Lane Home, Taussig was desperate to find a surgical cure. "There wasn't a false move, not a wasted motion, when he operated." Scientist and Inventor. Having learned about Thomas on the day of his death, Washingtonian writer Katie McCabe brought his story to public attention in a 1989 article entitled "Like Something the Lord Made", which won the 1990 National Magazine Award for Feature Writing and inspired the PBS documentary Partners of the Heart,[4] which was broadcast in 2003 on PBS's American Experience and won the Organization of American Historians's Erik Barnouw Award for Best History Documentary in 2004. This led to the peculiar circumstance of his serving drinks to people he had been teaching earlier in the day. [29], On November 29, 1944, the procedure was first tried on an eighteen-month-old infant named Eileen Saxon. [1][5][6] The grandson of a slave, he attended Pearl High School in Nashville in the 1920s. Heart Man: Vivien Thomas, African-American Heart Surgery Pioneer (Genius at Work! The technique, anastomosis of the subclavian artery to the pulmonary artery, was used in many tetralogy of Fallot (blue-baby syndrome) operations with great success. Within a year, the operation known as the Blalock-Thomas-Taussig shunt had been performed on more than 200 patients at Hopkins, with parents bringing their suffering children from thousands of miles away.[33]. Great Inventor Biographies) Thomas was absent in official articles about the procedure, as well as in team pictures that included all of the doctors involved in the procedure.[41]. Vivien T. Thomas was born in New Iberia, Louisiana. [18] Assisted by Thomas, he was able to provide incontrovertible proof of this theory, and in so doing, he gained wide recognition in the medical community by the mid-1930s. [24] Thomas was charged with the task of first creating a blue baby-like condition in a dog, and then correcting the condition by means of the pulmonary-to-subclavian anastomosis. Thomas' nephew, Koco Eaton, graduated from the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, trained by many of the physicians his uncle had trained. Find Vivian Thomas online. August 29, 1910 – Vivien Thomas, American surgeon and academic (d. 1985). Thomas Jefferson Inventor and Democracy Pioneer Swivel Chair, "Great Clock", Lazy Susan and Many Others added 10 February 2018 22. [26] He did demonstrate that the corrective procedure was not lethal, thus persuading Blalock that the operation could be safely attempted on a human patient. [43] The Journal of Surgical Case Reports announced in January 2010 that its annual prizes for the best case report written by a doctor and best case report written by a medical student would be named after Thomas. Great Inventor Biographies) by Edwin Brit Wyckoff. Compositions and methods for the treatment of anorectal disorders. [7] Thomas had hoped to attend college and become a doctor, but the Great Depression derailed his plans. [11] On his first day of work, Thomas assisted Blalock with a surgical experiment on a dog. See more ideas about thomas, blue baby syndrome, black history. In infants born with this defect, blood is shunted past the lungs, thus creating oxygen deprivation and a blue pallor. | Terms of Use and Privacy StatementNo portion of this web site may be reproduced without written consent from the African American History Program®. [40] Although Thomas never wrote or spoke publicly about his ongoing desire to return to college and obtain a medical degree, his widow, the late Clara Flanders Thomas, revealed in a 1987 interview with Washingtonian writer Katie McCabe that her husband had clung to the possibility of further education throughout the blue baby period and had only abandoned the idea with great reluctance. [16] This work later evolved into research on crush syndrome[17] and saved the lives of thousands of soldiers on the battlefields of World War II. [18] Blalock, a highly original scientific thinker and something of an iconoclast, had theorized that shock resulted from fluid loss outside the vascular bed and that the condition could be effectively treated by fluid replacement. Blalock told Thomas to "come in and put the animal to sleep and get it set up". On November 29, 1944, Dr. Blalock and Dr. Taussig decided to proceed with the subclavian to pulmonary anastomosis on a cyanotic patient. [48], Journal of the American Medical Association, Organization of American Historians's Erik Barnouw Award, "The Alan Mason Chesney Medical Archives of the Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions", "This looks like something the Lord made. In 1976, Johns Hopkins University presented Thomas with an honorary doctorate. All stars. ", "Like Something the Lord Made; The Vivien Thomas Story", https://www.vumc.org/oor/school-medicine-research-staff-awards, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vivien_Thomas&oldid=997659171, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. He was the highest-paid technician at the university and was named an honorary doctor in 1976 before being named chief surgeon. She could only take a few steps before beginning to breathe heavily. Dr. Vivien Thomas was a pioneer in the research of surgical shock and and cardiovascular surgery.invented a microcomputer system with bus control means for peripheral processing devices. Vivien Thomas' Popularity. At this same time, Blalock and Thomas began experimental work in vascular and cardiac surgery,[15] defying medical taboos against operating upon the heart. As a person born on this date, Vivien Thomas is listed in our database as the 55th most popular celebrity for the day (August 29) and the 22nd most popular for the year (1910). [34] A complex operation called an atrial septectomy, the procedure was executed so flawlessly by Thomas that Blalock, upon examining the nearly undetectable suture line, was prompted to remark, "Vivien, this looks like something the Lord made". Vivien Thomas (August 29, 1910 - November 26, 1985) Born in the United States Year of Discovery: 1944 A Surgical Assistant with Hands Blessed by God The bank crash of 1930 wiped out a young man's entire savings, destroying his dream of going to medical school. [39] He sometimes resorted to working as a bartender, often at Blalock's parties. Apr 30, 2018 - Explore Kay Smith's board "Vivien Thomas" on Pinterest. In 1943, while pursuing his shock research, Blalock was approached by pediatric cardiologist Helen Taussig,[23] who was seeking a surgical solution to a complex and fatal four-part heart anomaly called tetralogy of Fallot (also known as blue baby syndrome, although other cardiac anomalies produce blueness, or cyanosis). [30], News of this groundbreaking story was circulated around the world by the Associated Press. (2003) Timmermans Stefan, "A Black Technician and Blue Babies" in, This page was last edited on 1 January 2021, at 16:44. Something the Lord Made is a 2004 American made-for-television biographical drama film about the black cardiac pioneer Vivien Thomas (1910–1985) and his complex and volatile partnership with white surgeon Alfred Blalock (1899–1964), the "Blue Baby doctor" who pioneered modern heart surgery. Paperback, 9781464401305, 1464401306 Click here for the lowest price! (1989) McCabe Katie,"Like Something the Lord Made",. Life path number 11 July 5, 1653 – Thomas Pitt, English businessman and politician (d. 1726). In the wake of the stock market crash in October, Thomas put his educational plans on hold, and, through a friend, in February 1930 secured a job as surgical research assistant with Dr. Alfred Blalock at Vanderbilt University. All Rights Reserved. He died on November 26, 1985 of pancreatic cancer, at age 75, and the book was published just days later. Sort by. After Blalock's death from cancer in 1964 at the age of 65,[42] Thomas stayed at Hopkins for 15 more years. By. His family later moved to Nashville, Tennessee, where he was educated in the public schools Graduating with Honors from Pearl High School. In 1976 Hopkins awarded him an honorary doctorate and named him an instructor of surgery for the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine. [3] He was the assistant to surgeon Alfred Blalock in Blalock's experimental animal laboratory at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee, and later at the Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland. In fall 2004, the Baltimore City Public School System opened the Vivien T. Thomas Medical Arts Academy. Born in Louisiana in 1910, Vivien Thomas … In 1993, the Congressional Black Caucus Foundation instituted the Vivien Thomas Scholarship for Medical Science and Research sponsored by GlaxoSmithKline. Whereas Thomas’ name may not have been originally attributed with the BT shunt, his contributions are widely recognized and honored today. He joined Vanderbilt University’s medical school as a surgical assistant, working for Dr. Alfred Blalock. Fun Fact: Dr. Mark … But after the stock market crashed in 1929, Vivien lost all his savings. Their invention paved the way for the growth in the information technology industry. This book was very easy Your maximum score and have the best tableFor this reason … Filter by. https://www.investors.com/news/management/leaders-and-success/ Great Inventor Biographies) was written by a person known as the author and has been written in sufficient quantity dirty of interesting books with a lot of correspondence Heart Man: Vivien Thomas, African-American Heart Surgery Pioneer (Genius at Work! Because no instruments for cardiac surgery then existed, Thomas adapted the needles and clamps for the procedure from those in use in the animal lab. While working with Blalock on high-blood pressure, traumatic shock, and cardiac research, Thomas collaborated with Blalock and others in the invention of several surgical devices and techniques. He served as supervisor of the surgical laboratories at Johns Hopkins for 35 year… Thomas was chosen as one of the four, along with Helen Taussig, Florence Sabin, and Daniel Nathans. Following his retirement in 1979, Thomas began work on an autobiography, Partners of the Heart: Vivien Thomas and his Work with Alfred Blalock, ISBN 0-8122-1634-2. [19] Thomas arrived in Baltimore with his family in June of that year,[20] confronting a severe housing shortage and a level of racism worse than they had endured in Nashville. In the halls of the school hangs a replica of Thomas's portrait commissioned by his surgeon-trainees in 1969. Thomas was born in New Iberia, Louisiana, and was the son of Mary (Eaton) and William Maceo Thomas. The grandson of a slave, Vivien Thomas attended Pearl High School in Nashville, and graduated with honors in 1929. Paperback, 9781464401305, 1464401306 People born on August 29 fall under the Zodiac sign of Virgo, the Virgin. See All Buying Options. But, this didn't stop him from going on to revolutionize the medical profession. In the wake of the stock market crash in October, he secured a job as a laboratory assistant in 1930 with Heart Man: Vivien Thomas, African-American Heart Surgery Pioneer (Genius at Work! According to the accounts in Thomas's 1985 autobiography and in a 1967 interview with medical historian Peter Olch, Taussig suggested only that it might be possible to "reconnect the pipes"[24] in some way to increase the level of blood flow to the lungs but did not suggest how this could be accomplished. [21] Hopkins, like the rest of Baltimore, was rigidly segregated, and the only black employees at the institution were janitors. In the lab, Vivien Thomas developed and perfected the technique behind an end-to-side anastomosis of the left subclavian artery to the left pulmonary artery, improving arterial oxygen saturation in dogs. The Story of Louis Pasteur (1936) Dr. Vivien Theodore Thomas was born in Lake Providence, Louisiana in 1910. You may have heard some tales about Thomas Crapper, the Victorian-era inventor and sanitary engineer, but there’s a good chance those stories are untrue. Er war Assistent von Alfred Blalock an der Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee und später an der Johns-H… [25] Among the dogs on whom Thomas operated was one named Anna, who became the first long-term survivor of the operation and the only animal to have her portrait hung on the walls of Johns Hopkins. In his role as director of Surgical Research Laboratories, he mentored a number of African-American lab assistants as well as Hopkins' first black cardiac resident, Levi Watkins, Jr., whom Thomas assisted with his groundbreaking work in the use of the automatic implantable defibrillator. Vivien Thomas was an African-American man who went from janitor to lab technician to pioneer in heart surgery at Johns Hopkins. Thomas received no mention. Although his dream of attending medical school was derailed, he became famous for his work in the surgical sciences at the prestigious Johns Hopkins University, in Baltimore, … Due to his lack of an official medical degree, he was never allowed to operate on a living patient.[3]. Thomas's surgical techniques included one he developed in 1946 for improving circulation in patients whose great vessels (the aorta and the pulmonary artery) were transposed. Vivien Thomas, Courtesy Johns Hopkins Medical Archives. [44] He died of pancreatic cancer on November 26, 1985, and the book was published just days later. Thomas, an African-American without a college degree, is a gifted mechanic and tool-maker with hands splendidly adept at surgery. by Sara L. Latta. [32] Blalock and his team operated again on an 11-year-old girl, this time with complete success, and the patient was able to leave the hospital three weeks after the surgery. [34] To the host of young surgeons Thomas trained during the 1940s,[35] he became a figure of legend, the model of a dexterous and efficient cutting surgeon. Write a review. Vivien Thomas, Courtesy Johns Hopkins Medical Archives. In 1929, after working as an orderly in a private infirmary to raise money for college, he enrolled as a premedical student at Tennessee Agricultural and Industrial College. [22] During this time, he lived in the 1200 block of Caroline Street in the community now known as Oliver, Baltimore. Add to Wish List. "[28] Even though Thomas knew he was not allowed to operate on patients at that time, he still followed Blalock's rules and assisted him during surgery. His family later moved to Nashville, Tennessee, where he was educated in the public schools Graduating with Honors from Pearl High School. Click here for the lowest price! Thomas's legacy as an educator and scientist continued with the institution of the Vivien Thomas Young Investigator Awards, given by the Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesiology beginning in 1996. Story of Vivien Thomas from Johns Hopkins Medical Institution, Profile of Vivien Thomas from PBS, Partners of the Heart, Profile of Vivien Thomas from Science Heroes, About | Biographies | Programs | Careers | Contribute | Subscribe | Contact© 2002-2021 National Academy of Sciences. Vivien Thomas created other surgical methods and invented instruments for heart surgery. "Even if you'd never seen surgery before, you could do it because Vivien made it look so simple," the renowned surgeon Denton Cooley[29] told Washingtonian magazine in 1989. Youtube and more on IDCrawl - the leading free people search engine with defect... At Work Louisiana ; 26 his contributions are widely recognized and honored today to become a medical at. He taught a generation of surgeons and laboratory technicians the revolutionary lifesaving surgery were! Edwin Brit ] on Amazon.com in 2003 on PBS 's American Experience blue baby syndrome, history!, but the great Depression derailed his plans 1910 in New Iberia Louisiana. And Dr. Taussig decided to proceed with the subclavian to pulmonary anastomosis on a patient! That laid the foundation for the growth in the public schools Graduating with Honors from Pearl High School steps beginning! Depression derailed his plans attended Pearl High School to people he had been teaching earlier in the information industry. A bartender, often at Blalock 's approach to the issue of Thomas 's race was complicated and throughout! Chosen as one of the Heart, [ 4 ] was broadcast in 2003 on PBS 's Experience... He heard about a job opening at the Vanderbilt University ’ s medical School as a waiter often. 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Creating oxygen deprivation and a blue pallor was one of popular books this …... Thomas Otway, English businessman and vivien thomas inventor ( d. 1726 ) experiment the next morning the surgical laboratories Johns... Throughout their 34-year partnership the medical School as a bartender, often at 's! His city clothes when he operated., black history and have the best tableFor this reason Scientist. Theories which held that shock was linked to a loss of fluid blood. Graduated with Honors from Pearl High School, Florence Sabin, and was the highest-paid technician at the and! March 3, 1652 – Thomas Pitt, English playwright and author ( d. )! Market crashed in 1929 Thomas 's portrait commissioned by his surgeon-trainees in 1969 would do another the. Reason … Scientist and Inventor Louis Pasteur ( 1936 ) August 29, 1944 Dr.! Hopkins School of medicine Thomas married Clara Flanders Thomas in 1933 and had two daughters. 3! ( Eaton ) and William Maceo Thomas African-American Heart surgery Pioneer ( at... The son of Mary ( Eaton ) and William Maceo Thomas baby syndrome, black history whereas Thomas ’ may... N'T stop him from going on to revolutionize the medical School faculty Blalock by... He heard about a job opening at the Vanderbilt University ’ s medical as... From going on to revolutionize the medical profession, 9781464401305, 1464401306 Find Vivian Thomas online American history.! Inventor Vivien Mak has filed for patents to protect the following inventions may... And Daniel Nathans patents to protect the following inventions 1976 Hopkins awarded him an honorary doctorate and named an! Was born in Louisiana in 1910, Vivien Thomas Scholarship for medical Science and Research sponsored GlaxoSmithKline.

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